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Sanskrit Alphabet

Varnamala

# Devanāgarī Transcription IPA Description Type Category Length
1 अ a ɐ Short open central unrounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Short
2 आ ā aː Long open central unrounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Long
3 इ i ɪ Short close front unrounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Short
4 ई ī iː Long close front unrounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Long
5 उ u ʊ Short close back rounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Short
6 ऊ ū uː Long close back rounded vowel Vowel Monophthong Long
7 ऋ ṛ r̩ Syllabic liquid vowel (retroflex) Vowel Syllabic Liquid None
8 ॠ ṝ r̩ː Long syllabic liquid vowel (retroflex) Vowel Syllabic Liquid Long
9 ऌ ḷ l̩ Syllabic liquid vowel (dental) Vowel Syllabic Liquid None
10 ॡ ḹ l̩ː Long syllabic liquid vowel (dental) Vowel Syllabic Liquid Long
11 ए e e Close-mid front unrounded vowel Vowel Diphthong None
12 ऐ ai ɐi̯ Diphthong, starting with open central vowel and gliding to close front Vowel Diphthong None
13 ओ o o Close-mid back rounded vowel Vowel Diphthong None
14 औ au ɐu̯ Diphthong, starting with open central vowel and gliding to close back Vowel Diphthong None
15 ं ṃ Anusvara, nasalization marker Vowel Other None
16 ः ḥ Visarga, breathy sound Vowel Other None
17 ँ ˜ Chandrabindu, nasal sound Vowel Other None
18 ऽ ' Avagraha, marker for prolonging vowel sound Vowel Other None
19 क k k Voiceless velar stop Consonant Stop None
20 ख kh kʰ Voiceless aspirated velar stop Consonant Stop None
21 ग g g Voiced velar stop Consonant Stop None
22 घ gh gʱ Voiced aspirated velar stop Consonant Stop None
23 ङ ṅ ŋ Voiced velar nasal Consonant Stop None
24 च c t͡ʃ Voiceless palatal stop Consonant Stop None
25 छ ch t͡ʃʰ Voiceless aspirated palatal stop Consonant Stop None
26 ज j d͡ʒ Voiced palatal stop Consonant Stop None
27 झ jh d͡ʒʱ Voiced aspirated palatal stop Consonant Stop None
28 ञ ñ ɲ Voiced palatal nasal Consonant Nasal None
29 ट ṭ ʈ Voiceless retroflex stop Consonant Stop None
30 ठ ṭh ʈʰ Voiceless aspirated retroflex stop Consonant Stop None
31 ड ḍ ɖ Voiced retroflex stop Consonant Stop None
32 ढ ḍh ɖʱ Voiced aspirated retroflex stop Consonant Stop None
33 ण ṇ ɳ Voiced retroflex nasal Consonant Nasal None
34 त t t Voiceless dental stop Consonant Stop None
35 थ th tʰ Voiceless aspirated dental stop Consonant Stop None
36 द d d Voiced dental stop Consonant Stop None
37 ध dh dʱ Voiced aspirated dental stop Consonant Stop None
38 न n n Voiced dental nasal Consonant Nasal None
39 प p p Voiceless bilabial stop Consonant Stop None
40 फ ph pʰ Voiceless aspirated bilabial stop Consonant Stop None
41 ब b b Voiced bilabial stop Consonant Stop None
42 भ bh bʱ Voiced aspirated bilabial stop Consonant Stop None
43 म m m Voiced bilabial nasal Consonant Nasal None
44 य y j Voiced palatal glide Consonant Approximant None
45 र r r Voiced alveolar flap Consonant Approximant None
46 ल l l Voiced alveolar lateral Consonant Approximant None
47 व v ʋ Voiced labio-dental approximant Consonant Approximant None
48 श ś ʃ Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative Consonant Fricative None
49 ष ṣ ʂ Voiceless retroflex fricative Consonant Fricative None
50 स s s Voiceless alveolar fricative Consonant Fricative None
51 ह h ɦ Voiced glottal fricative Consonant Fricative None
52 त्र tra tɾ Voiceless dental stop followed by an alveolar flap Consonant Cluster None
53 ज्ञ gya ɡjɲ Voiced velar stop followed by a palatal nasal Consonant Cluster None
54 क्ष kṣa kʂ Voiceless velar stop followed by a retroflex fricative Consonant Cluster None
55 श्र śra ʃɾ Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative followed by an alveolar flap Consonant Cluster None